Properties of steel materials.
An examination of the elongation at failure of auto body materials over tensile strength shows clearly that extremely high-strength steels, such as Martensite phase steels, permit only slight deformation before failure. Steels with lower strength values have, on the other hand, much higher elongation values. The achievable elongation values can, in addition to their r-value, be used as a qualitative measure for formability.To get around this limitation there was/is, on the one hand, development of steels with BH, TRIP, and TWIP effect, and, on the other hand, the continued development of press hardening of boron steels.
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